Hypertension

APPENDIX 1
CAUSES OF SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
Cardiovascular	Coarctation of the aorta Mid-aortic syndrome Aortic Tumours
Endocrine	Primary Aldosteronism* Phaeochromocytoma Cushing's Syndrome, Acromegaly Hyperthyroidism, hyperparathyroidism Tumours: Ectopic ACTH, 11-Desoxycorticosterone-secreting
Monogenic	Liddle's Syndrome Apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) Steroid deficiencies: 11ß-hydroxylase, 17a-hydroxylase Familial Hyperaldosteronism Type I (GRA) and II Hypertension exacerbated by pregnancy (activating MR mutations)
Renal	Acute / Chronic Kidney Disease (AKD / CKD) Renovascular hypertension (FMD, RAS) Polycystic Kidney Disease Diabetic Nephropathy Gordon's Syndrome Renin-secreting tumours
Drugs (consider also withdrawal of anti-hypertensive drugs)	Over the counter (sympathomimetics), COX-2 Inhibitors, NSAIDs Recreational (amphetamines, cocaine) Liquorice, corticosteroids, anabolic steroids, OCP Ciclosporin, Tacrolimus, Leflunomide Ergot alkaloids, MAOIs, TCAs Anaesthetics - ketamine Herbal remedies Alcohol
Neurologic hypertension	Stroke - haemorrhagic, ischaemic CNS tumours Severe head injury Neurogenic hypertension Stress - post-op pain Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Hypertension in pregnancy	Pregnancy-induced hypertension Pre-eclampsia, eclampsia
Pseudohypertension Obstructive Sleep Apnoea	-
* Primary Aldosteronism includes: APA, BAH, FHI (GRA) and FHII, Adrenal Carcinoma

Dr Mel Lobo is a
consultant physician with
a special interest in cardiovascular...

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Very few doctors worldwide
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© Dr. Mel Lobo Hypertension Blood Pressure Specialist Harley Street London UK